How can hormonal fluctuations in the menstrual cycle impact women's mental health?

Hormonal fluctuations throughout the menstrual cycle can significantly impact women's mental health, leading to various mood variations, including premenstrual syndrome (PMS) and premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD). These conditions are characterized by symptoms such as irritability, mood swings, depression, and anxiety, which can be directly linked to changes in hormone levels, particularly estrogen and progesterone.

During the luteal phase of the menstrual cycle, when estrogen and progesterone levels peak and then decline, some women may experience heightened emotional sensitivity and mood disturbances. This fluctuation can exacerbate underlying mental health issues or contribute to new symptoms, demonstrating the relationship between hormonal changes and emotional well-being. The prevalence and severity of these mood variations can vary widely among individuals, which makes it important to recognize these patterns for appropriate management and support.

The other options do not accurately capture the complexity of how hormonal changes influence mental health. For instance, while some women may feel stable during their cycles or experience reduced stress, the broader evidence suggests that fluctuations often lead to negative emotional outcomes instead.