How does smoking affect women's reproductive health?

Smoking negatively impacts women's reproductive health in several significant ways, making the choice indicating it can lead to fertility issues and complications during pregnancy accurate. Nicotine and other harmful substances found in cigarettes can disrupt hormonal balance, leading to anovulation and reduced fertility. Women who smoke may experience changes in their menstrual cycle and a higher risk of infertility compared to non-smokers.

Additionally, smoking increases the risk of complications during pregnancy, such as ectopic pregnancy, placental abruption, and low birth weight. It is also associated with preterm labor and an increased likelihood of miscarriage. The detrimental effects of smoking during pregnancy extend to the developing fetus as well, potentially leading to long-term health issues.

Considering the other options: stating that smoking improves fertility is incorrect, as evidence overwhelmingly shows it does the opposite. Claiming it has no significant effects overlooks the extensive research that highlights the various adverse outcomes associated with smoking. Finally, suggesting that smoking solely affects postmenopausal health ignores the numerous ways it impacts reproductive health across a woman’s life cycle, from conception to pregnancy and beyond. This comprehensive understanding of smoking’s effects emphasizes why the correct choice is the one that details its impact on fertility and pregnancy complications.