What medical diagnosis is characterized by the presence of multiple cysts in the ovaries?

Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the correct diagnosis characterized by the presence of multiple cysts in the ovaries. This condition is primarily associated with hormonal imbalances and is often marked by an elevated level of androgens, which can lead to abnormal menstrual cycles, infertility, and additional metabolic concerns.

In women with PCOS, the ovaries develop numerous small cysts, which are essentially immature follicles that fail to ovulate. This can be observed during an ultrasound exam where a "string of pearls" appearance is noted due to these multiple cysts. Additionally, PCOS may present with other symptoms such as hirsutism, acne, and weight gain, further corroborating its presence.

In contrast, the other conditions listed do not primarily feature ovarian cysts as their defining characteristic. Endometriosis involves the presence of endometrial-like tissue outside the uterus, ovarian cancer is associated with malignant growths in the ovaries rather than cysts, and pelvic inflammatory disease results from infections that impact the reproductive organs, usually without the cystic morphology seen in PCOS. This highlights why PCOS is distinctly recognized for its association with multiple ovarian cysts.